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The "+3" is usually for a border or to enable you to begin or finish a repeat without just leaving something hanging. For example, if your pattern is simply k2tog, yo, k2tog, yo, repeat to end. How would you end it? You can't just have a yo at the end of the row! It would just fall off your needle! So the pattern tells you to cast on a multiple of 2 + 1 which gives you a stitch at the end of the row to hold that yo on.
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